| Soil Excavation |
Aerates soil, allowing water and oxygen to reach plant roots and improving soil structure [1, 4]. |
| Seed Dispersal (Myrmecochory) |
Ants transport seeds to nests, aiding in plant dispersal and biodiversity [1, 7]. |
| Nutrient Cycling |
Break down organic matter, accelerating decomposition and releasing nutrients into the soil [4]. |
| Pest Control |
Act as predators, reducing populations of harmful insects [1, 4]. |
| Nesting Behavior |
Improve soil fertility by concentrating nutrients in nest sites [4]. |